Makino Nobuaki
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Makino Nobuaki 牧野 伸顕 | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan | |
| In office 30 March 1925 – 26 February 1935 | |
| Monarchs | |
| Preceded by | Hamao Arata |
| Succeeded by | Saitō Makoto |
| Foreign Minister of the Japanese Empire | |
| In office February 1913 – April 1914 | |
| Monarch | Taishō |
| Preceded by | Katō Takaaki |
| Succeeded by | Katō Takaaki |
| Personal details | |
| Born | November 24, 1861 Kagoshima Prefecture, Japan |
| Died | January 25, 1949 (aged 87) Tokyo, Japan |
| Parent(s) | Ōkubo Toshimichi Hayasaki Masako |
| Occupation | Politician, cabinet minister, diplomat |
Count Makino Nobuaki, also Makino Shinken (牧野 伸顕, November 24, 1861 – January 25, 1949), was a Japanese politician and imperial court official. As Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan, Makino served as Emperor Hirohito's chief counselor on the monarch's position in Japanese society and policymaking.
After victory in World War I, Makino was appointed to be one of Japan's ambassador plenipotentiaries to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, headed by the elder statesman, Marquis Saionji. At the conference, he and other members of the delegation put forth a Racial Equality Proposal. It won the majority of votes, but was vetoed by the chairman, President Woodrow Wilson.
Even after his retirement in 1935, he remained a close advisor to the throne through the end of World War II in 1945.[1] Historians point out his attempts to avoid war with China and the United States and his promotion of a constitutional democracy in Japan.[2][3]
Early life and education
[edit]Born to a samurai family in Kagoshima, Satsuma Domain (present day Kagoshima Prefecture), Makino was the second son of Ōkubo Toshimichi, but adopted into the Makino family at a very early age. In 1871, at age 11, he accompanied Ōkubo on the Iwakura Mission to the United States as a student, and briefly attended school in Philadelphia. After he returned to Japan, he attended Tokyo Imperial University, but left without graduating.[4]
Career
[edit]
Upon beginning his career as a diplomat, Makino was assigned to the Japanese Embassy in London. There, he made the acquaintance of Itō Hirobumi. Following his service abroad, he served as governor of Fukui Prefecture (1891–1892) and Ibaraki Prefecture (1892–1893). He resumed his career in diplomacy as an Ambassador to Italy (1897–1899) and later Ambassador to the Austro-Hungarian Empire and Switzerland.
In March 1906, Makino was appointed Minister of Education under Prime Minister Saionji Kinmochi. While serving in the 1st Saionji Cabinet, he was elevated in rank to danshaku (baron) under the kazoku peerage system.[5] When Saionji began his second term as Prime Minister on 30 August 1911, Makino again joined his Cabinet as Minister of Agriculture and Commerce. He was also appointed to serve on the Privy Council. Over the course of his political career, he aligned his policies closely with Itō Hirobumi and later, with Saionji, and was considered one of the early leaders of the Liberalism movement in Japan.[6]
After victory in World War I, Makino was appointed to be one of Japan's ambassador plenipotentiaries to the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, headed by the elder statesman, Marquis Saionji. At the conference, he and other members of the delegation put forth a Racial Equality Proposal. It won the majority of votes, but was vetoed by the chairman, President Woodrow Wilson.
On September 20, 1920, he was awarded the Grand Cordon of the Order of the Rising Sun with Paulownia Flowers. In February 1921, he became Imperial Household Minister and elevated in rank to shishaku (viscount). Behind the scenes, he strove to improve Anglo-Japanese and Japanese-American relations, and he shared Saionji Kinmochi's efforts to shield the Emperor from direct involvement in political affairs. Some historians point to this as having the unforeseen effect of making the Emperor reluctant to curb the trend towards militarism.[7][8][9]
In 1925, Makino was appointed Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal of Japan. He supported the Golden Pheasant Academy founded by the Confucian scholar Masahiro Yasuoka in 1927.[10] He oversaw the organization of enthronement ceremony of Emperor Hirohito in 1928. On May 15, 1932, Makino's residence got attacked by the ultra nationalist League of Blood, but he was not harmed. It was part of the May 15 Incident.
In 1935, he relinquished his position as Lord Keeper and was elevated in the title to hakushaku (count). Although he formally retired his positions in 1935, his relations with Hirohito remained good, and he still had much power and influence behind the scenes. This made him a target for radicals in the Japanese military. He only narrowly escaped assassination at a ryokan in Yugawara during the February 26 Incident in 1936. He continued to be an advisor and exert a moderating influence on the Emperor until the start of World War II.[11]
Later life and death
[edit]
Makino was also the first president of the Nihon Ki-in Go Society, and a fervent player of the game of go.
After the war, his reputation as an "old liberalist" gave him high credibility, and the politician Ichirō Hatoyama attempted to recruit him to the Liberal Party as its chairman. However, Makino declined for reasons of health and age. He died in 1949, and his grave is at the Aoyama Cemetery in Tokyo.
Personal life
[edit]Noted post-war Prime Minister Shigeru Yoshida was Makino's son-in-law. One of his grandchildren Ken'ichi Yoshida was a literary scholar. The former Prime Minister, Tarō Asō, is Makino's great-grandson. His great-granddaughter, Nobuko Asō, married Prince Tomohito of Mikasa, a first cousin of Emperor Akihito. In addition, Ijūin Hikokichi, the former minister of foreign affairs, was the brother-in-law of Makino.[12]
Honours
[edit]- 1925: Grand Cordon Order of Leopold.[13]
- 1930: Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion
Notes
[edit]- ^ Peter Wetzler, "Hirohito's First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki". in Hirohito and War (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178
- ^ de Montvert-Chaussy, Isabelle (2023-10-28). "Télévision : ce baron japonais qui a tout fait pour éviter l'entrée de son pays dans la Seconde Guerre mondiale". SudOuest.fr (in French). Retrieved 2024-02-04.
- ^ Condon, Cédric (2023-10-29), "La case du siècle Le baron et l'empereur : Japon, la voie de la guerre", France TV (in French), retrieved 2024-02-04
- ^ Wetzler, (1998)
- ^ 牧野伸顕関係文書（書翰の部 Archived 2010-03-24 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Wetzler, (1998)
- ^ Bix 2001, pp. 235–236
- ^ Wetzler 1998, pp. 166–167
- ^ Wetzler 1998, p. 167
- ^ Bix 2001, p. 164
- ^ John Van Sant, Peter Mauch, and Yoneyuki Sugita, The A to Z of United States–Japan Relations (2010) p. 234.
- ^ Hui-Min Lo (1 June 1978). The Correspondence of G. E. Morrison 1912-1920. CUP Archive. p. 873. ISBN 978-0-521-21561-9.
- ^ Royal Decree of 1925/-Mémorial du centenaire de l'Ordre de Léopold. 1832-1932. Bruxelles, J. Rozez, 1933.
Resources
[edit]- Agawa, Hiroyuki. The Reluctant Admiral: Yamamoto and the Imperial Navy. Kodansha International (2000). ISBN 4-7700-2539-4
- Beasley, W. G. Japanese Imperialism 1894–1945. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-822168-1
- Bix, Herbert P. (2001). Hirohito and the making of modern Japan. New York: Perennial. ISBN 0-06-093130-2.
- Wetzler, Peter (1998). Hirohito and War: Imperial Tradition and Military Decision Making in Prewar Japan. Honolulu, HI: University of Hawaii Press. ISBN 0-8248-1925-X.
- Wetzler, Peter. "Hirohito's First Adviser: Count Makino Nobuaki". in Hirohito and War (University of Hawaii Press, 1998) pp . 139-178.
- Makino, Nobuaki. Makino Nobuaki nikki. Chūō Kōronsha (1990). ISBN 4-12-001977-2 (Japanese)
External links
[edit]
Media related to Makino Nobuaki at Wikimedia Commons
| International | |
|---|---|
| National | |
| Academics | |
| Other | |
- 1861 births
- 1949 deaths
- People from Satsuma Domain
- People from Kagoshima
- Politicians from Kagoshima Prefecture
- Kazoku
- People of Meiji-period Japan
- University of Tokyo alumni
- Education ministers of Japan
- Foreign ministers of Japan
- Government ministers of Japan
- Governors of Fukui Prefecture
- Governors of Ibaraki Prefecture
- Recipients of the Order of the Rising Sun
- Ambassadors of Japan to Austria-Hungary
- Ambassadors of Japan to Italy
- 20th-century diplomats
- Government of the Empire of Japan